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Useful Trees, Planting Conditions & Produce

KEY

AC: acid soils
ALK: alkaline soils
C: coppice
Cu: cutting
D: likes dry soils
E: edge species
H: prefers heavy soils
HF: high forest
L: layering
LI: prefers light soils
LTL: lower tree layer

M: likes moist soils
N: neutral soils
P: pioneer
Po: pollard
Rcu: root cuttings
S: seeds
Sh: shade tolerant
St: stooling
Su: suckers
T: tolerant of most soils
W: likes wet soils

Common name	Latin name	Soil	Propa gation	Manag ement	Timber produce		Non timber produce
Alder buckthorn	Frangula alnus	N-AC	S	C	excellent charcoal		brimstone butterfly food
Alder, common	Alnus glutinosa	W N-ALK	S	C	charcoal, underwater foundations, river protection, clog soles, brush heads, tool handles, workshop floorboards		dye from bark, nitrogen fixing, sacrifice lure for woodworm
Alder, grey	Alnus incana	N T H	RCu	Su	similar to common alder		nitrogen fixing, windbreak
Ash	Fraxinus excelsior	N-ALK	S	C HF	gate hurdles, tool handles, hay rakes, steam bending, barrel hoops, tent pegs, furniture, floorboards, firewood, charcoal, walking sticks, necklaces, oars, hockey sticks, cues, yurts, long bows ladders etc.	chuthey from seeds, canker growths used for firelighters
Aspen	Populus tremula	M H N-AC	Cu Su St	Su	firewood, pulp	edible inner bark
Beech	Fagus sylvarica	N-ALK	S	Po HF Sh	furniture, firewood, spoons, chopping blocks, flooring, steam bending	nuts produce oil, edible leaves
Birch, silver	Berula pendula	T LI	S	C P	besom brooms, horse jumps, bobbins, firewood, charcoal, internal furniture, bark veneer	soil enrichment through leaves and twigs, sap wine, flammable bark, dye plant
Birch,downy	Berula pubescens	T M	S	C P	same as silver birch	same as silver birch
Blackthorn	Prunus spinosa	T	L Su St	Su	walking sticks	sloes for wine & gin, butterfly food
Box	Buxus sempervirens	ALK	Cu S	LTL C	chisel handles, carving, door knobs, printing blocks, pestles
Bullace	Prunus domestics ssp. insiritia	T	S	E	turnery, furniture, firewood	edible fruit, dye
Cherry, bird	Prunus padus	N-ALK	L S Su St	u	turnery
Cherry, wild	Prunus avium	T	L S Su St	Su HF	wood turning, furniture, veneer	edible fruit, resin used as chewing gum
Chestnut, sweet	Castanea sativa	Ac L	S	C HF	hop poles, fencing posts, pallings, furniture, buildings, shingles, steam bending, walking sticks, yurts, gate hurdles, ladder rungs, floorboards, charcoal, firewood (woodburner), faggots, trugs	nuts, bee tree
Crab Apple	Malus silvestris	T	S Su St	C	carvery, turnery, mallets, firewood, smokery	fruit used for jams, wines, verjuice, can be used as a rootstock for grafting
Dogwood	Cornus sanguinea	ALK W	Cu L Su St S	C Su	walking sticks, skewers, artists' charcoal	edible oil from seed
Elder	Sambucus nigra	N-ALK	S Cu	C	pipes, whistles, carving	wine, tea, medicinal uses
Elm, English	Ulmus procera	T	St Su	Su	furniture, turnery, mallet heads, building, floor boards, coffins, seats
Elm, wych	Ulmus glabra	T H	S	C		bark used for seat weaving
False Acacia	Robinia pseudoacia	T LI	S Su	Su	fence posts, tool handles, turning, walking sticks	flowers used for perfume, nitrogen fixer, bee tree
Guelder rose	Viburnun opulus	N	Cu S	E		bark used to treat cramp, berries cooked for jam
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyny	T	S	C	firewood, charcoal, rustic furniture, walking sticks	edible leaves, berries for wine, jam
Hazel	Corylus avellana	N-ALK H	S L St	C	hurdles, thatching spars, hedging stakes, walking sticks, rustic furniture, benders, basketry, faggots, charcoal, firewood, pea and bean sticks etc.	edible nuts and leaves, soil enriching
Holly	Ilex aquifoliurn	N-ALK D	S L St	LTL Su C	turnery, carving, furniture, riding crops, walking sticks, firewood
Hornbeam	Carpinus betulus	T H	S	C Sh	wooden cogs, firewood, charcoal
Juniper	Juniperus communis	N-ALK	S Cu	LTL	firewood, temporary stock fence	flavouring gin, medicinal berries, incense
Larch, European	Larix decidua	N-AC	S	HF	durable softwood, fencing, building edible inner bark, dye from needles
Lime, common	Tilia x europaea	T	Rc St	C	turnery, carving, bee hives, furniture, bark used for seat weaving	edible leaves, tea from flowers, bee tree, rope from bark
Lime large-leaved	Tilia plaryphyllos	T	Rc St	C	same as common lime	same as common lime
Lime, small-leaved	Tilia cordata	T	Rc St	C	same as common lime	same as common lime
Maple, field	Acer campestre	T H	S	C	turnery, musical instruments, carving, firewood, furniture, spoons, bowls	wine from sap
Medlar	Mespilus germanica	T M	S	E	firewood, carving		edible fruit when bletted
Monkey Puzzle	Araucaria araucana	T	S	HF C	construction timber		high yield of nuts once mature, not self fertile
Mulberry	Morus nigra	T	S	E	furniture, carving		edible fruit
Oak, English	Quercus robur	T	S	HF C	buildings, furniture, floorboards, barrels, swill baskets, shingles, fencing, firewood, trugs, charcoal		flour from acorn, bark for tannin
Oak, sessile	Quercus petraea	T M	S	HF C	same as English oak		same as English oak
Scots Pine	Pirtus sylvestris	N-Ac L	S	HF	construction timber		resin
Rowan	Sorbus aucuparia	N-Ac	S	C	walking sticks, carving, rustic furniture, firewood		fruit for jam, wine
Plum, wild	Prunus domestics	T	S	E	turnery, furniture, firewood		edible fruit, dye
Spindle	Euonymus europaeus	N-ALK	S	C	spindles, skewers, knitting needles, artists' charcoal		medicinal fruit
Sycamore	Acer pseudoplatanus	T	S	C HF	turnery, clogs, kitchen utensils, veneer		wine from sap
Whitebeam	Sorbus aria	N-ALK	S	C	walking sticks, firewood
Wild service	Sorbus torminalis	N-Ac H	S Su St	Su HF	musical instruments, furniture, charcoal, firewood		edible fruit, wine
Willow, almond	Salix triandra	T W	Cu	C	river protection, wattles, thatching spars, baskets, cribs, artists' charcoal, living structures		land reclamation, giberalic acid for plant rooting, rope, teething rings, bee tree
Willow, bay	Salix pentandra	T W	Cu	C	same as almond willow		same as almond willow
Willow, crack	Salix fragilis	T W	Cu	C Po	same as almond willow, but not baskets		same as almond willow
Willow, goat	Salix caprea	T W	Cu	C Po	same as almond willow		same as almond willow
Willow, grey	Salix cinerea	T W	Cu	C	same as almond willow		same as almond willow
Willow, white	Salix alba	T W	Cu	C Po	same as almond willow		same as almond willow
Yew	Taxus baccata	T N-ALK	S Cu	HF	furniture, steam bending carving		edible flesh on berry (seed within berry very poisonous)

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